Safe Water Bottles

Chemical and physical properties

Micrograph of polypropylene

Most commercial polypropylene is isotactic and has an intermediate level of crystallinity between that of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE); its Young’s modulus is also intermediate. PP is normally tough and flexible, especially when copolymerized with ethylene. This allows polypropylene to be used as an engineering plastic, competing with materials such as ABS. Polypropylene is reasonably economical, and can be made translucent when uncolored but is not as readily made transparent as polystyrene, acrylic or certain other plastics. It is often opaque or colored using pigments. Polypropylene has good resistance to fatigue.

Polypropylene has a melting point of ~160 C (320 F), as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

The MFR (melt flow rate) or MFI (melt flow index) is a measure of PP’s molecular weight. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow molding production process. As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease.

There are three general types of PP: homopolymer, random copolymer and block copolymer. The comonomer used is typically ethylene. Ethylene-propylene rubber or EPDM added to PP homopolymer increases its low temperature impact strength. Randomly polymerized ethylene monomer added to PP homopolymer decreases the polymer crystallinity and makes the polymer more transparent.

Degradation

Polypropylene is liable to chain degradation from exposure to UV radiation such as that present in sunlight. Oxidation usually occurs at the secondary carbon atom present in every repeat unit. A free radical is formed here, and then reacts further with oxygen, followed by chain scission to yield aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In external applications, it shows up as a network of fine cracks and crazes which become deeper and more severe with time of exposure.

For external applications, UV-absorbing additives must be used. Carbon black also provides some protection from UV attack. The polymer can also be oxidized at high temperatures, a common problem during molding operations. Anti-oxidants are normally added to prevent polymer degradation.

History

Polypropylene was first polymerized by Karl Rehn and Giulio Natta in March 1954, serving as a preliminary work for large-scale synthesis from 1957 onwards. At first it was thought that it would be cheaper than polyethylene.

Synthesis

Short segments of polypropylene, showing examples of isotactic (above) and syndiotactic (below) tacticity.

An important concept in understanding the link between the structure of polypropylene and its properties is tacticity. The relative orientation of each methyl group (CH3 in the figure at left) relative to the methyl groups on neighboring monomers has a strong effect on the finished polymer’s ability to form crystals, because each methyl group takes up space and constrains backbone bending.

Like most other vinyl polymers, useful polypropylene cannot be made by radical polymerization due to the higher reactivity of the allylic hydrogen (leading to dimerization) during polymerization. Moreover, the material that would result from such a process would have methyl groups arranged randomly, so called atactic PP. The lack of long-range order prevents any crystallinity in such a material, giving an amorphous material with very little strength and only specialized qualities suitable for niche end uses.

A Ziegler-Natta catalyst is able to limit incoming monomers to a specific orientation, only adding them to the polymer chain if they face the right direction. Most commercially available polypropylene is made with such Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which produce mostly isotactic polypropylene (the upper chain in the figure above). With the methyl group consistently on one side, such molecules tend to coil into a helical shape; these helices then line up next to one another to form the crystals that give commercial polypropylene many of its desirable properties.

A ball-and-stick model of syndiotactic polypropylene.

More precisely engineered Kaminsky catalysts have been made, which offer a much greater level of control. Based on metallocene molecules, these catalysts use organic groups to control the monomers being added, so that a proper choice of catalyst can produce isotactic, syndiotactic, or atactic polypropylene, or even a combination of these. Aside from this qualitative control, they allow better quantitative control, with a much greater ratio of the desired tacticity than previous Ziegler-Natta techniques. They also produce narrower molecular weight distributions than traditional Ziegler-Natta catalysts, which can further improve properties.

To produce a rubbery polypropylene, a catalyst can be made which yields isotactic polypropylene, but with the organic groups that influence tacticity held in place by a relatively weak bond. After the catalyst has produced a short length of polymer which is capable of crystallization, light of the proper frequency is used to break this weak bond, and remove the selectivity of the catalyst so that the remaining length of the chain is atactic. The result is a mostly amorphous material with small crystals embedded in it. Since each chain has one end in a crystal but most of its length in the soft, amorphous bulk, the crystalline regions serve the same purpose as vulcanization.

Mechanism of metallocene catalysts

The reaction of many metallocene catalysts requires a co catalyst for activation. One of the most common co catalysts for this purpose is Methylaluminoxane (MAO). Other co catalysts include, Al(C2H5)3.There are numerous metallocene catalysts that can be used for propylene polymerization. (Some metallocene catalysts are used for industrial process, while others are not, due to their high cost.) One of the simplest is Cp2MCl2 (M = Zr, Hf). Different catalyst can lead to polymers with different molecular weights and properties. Active research is still being conducted on metallocene catalyst.

In the mechanism the metallocene catalyst first reacts with the co catalyst. If MAO is the co catalyst, the first step is to replace one of the Cl atoms on the catalyst with a methyl group from the MAO. The methyl group on is replaced by the Cl from the catalyst. The MAO then removes another Cl from the catalyst. This makes the catalyst positively charged and susceptible to attack from propylene.

Once the catalyst is activated, the double bond on the propene coordinates with the metal of the catalyst. The methyl group on the catalyst then migrates to the propene, and the double bond is broken. This starts the polymerization. Once the methyl migrates the positively charged catalyst is reformed and another propene can coordinate to the metal. The second propene coordinates and the carbon chain that was formed migrates to the propene. The process of coordination and migration continues and a polymer chain is grown off of the metallocene catalyst.

Manufacturing

Melt processing of polypropylene can be achieved via extrusion and molding. Common extrusion methods include production of melt blown and spun bond fibers to form long rolls for future conversion into a wide range of useful products such as face masks, filters, nappies (diapers) and wipes.

The most common shaping technique is injection molding, which is used for parts such as cups, cutlery, vials, caps, containers, houseware and automotive parts such as batteries. The related techniques of blow molding and injection-stretch blow molding are also used, which involve both extrusion and molding.

The large number of end use applications for PP are often possible because of the ability to tailor grades with specific molecular properties and additives during its manufacture. For example, antistatic additives can be added to help PP surfaces resist dust and dirt. Many physical finishing techniques can also be used on PP, such as machining. Surface treatments can be applied to PP parts in order to promote adhesion of printing ink and paints.

Applications

Polypropylene lid of a Tic Tacs box, with a living hinge and the resin identification code under its flap

Since polypropylene is resistant to fatigue, most plastic living hinges, such as those on flip-top bottles, are made from this material. However, it is important to ensure that chain molecules are oriented across the hinge to maximize strength.

Very thin sheets of polypropylene are used as a dielectric within certain high performance pulse and low loss RF capacitors.

High-purity piping systems are built using polypropylene. Stronger, more rigid piping systems, intended for use in potable plumbing, hydronic heating and cooling, and reclaimed water applications, are also manufactured using polypropylene. This material is often chosen for its resistance to corrosion and chemical leaching, its resilience against most forms of physical damage, including impact and freezing, and its ability to be joined by heat fusion rather than gluing.[citation needed]

A polypropylene chair

Many plastic items for medical or laboratory use can be made from polypropylene because it can withstand the heat in an autoclave. Its heat resistance also enables it to be used as the manufacturing material of consumer-grade kettles. Food containers made from it will not melt in the dishwasher, and do not melt during industrial hot filling processes. For this reason, most plastic tubs for dairy products are polypropylene sealed with aluminum foil (both heat-resistant materials). After the product has cooled, the tubs are often

Childhood

Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola and Ulja, whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their migration to the U.S. His parents were working-class immigrants from Mik (now called Mikov), in northeastern Slovakia, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. Warhol’s father immigrated to the US in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Andy Warhol’s grandparents. Warhol’s father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church. Andy Warhol had two older brothers, Jn and Pavol, who were born in today’s Slovakia. Pavol’s son, James Warhola, became a successful children’s book illustrator.

In third grade, Warhol had chorea, a nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever and causes skin pigmentation blotchiness. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors. Often bed-ridden as a child, he became an outcast among his school-mates and bonded strongly with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences.

Early career

Warhol showed early artistic talent and studied commercial art at the School of Fine Arts at Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (now Carnegie Mellon University). In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a successful career in magazine illustration and advertising. During the 1950s, he gained fame for his whimsical ink drawings of shoe advertisements. These were done in a loose, blotted-ink style, and figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York. With the concurrent rapid expansion of the record industry and the introduction of the vinyl record, Hi-Fi, and stereophonic recordings, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers and promotional materials.

Campbell’s Soup I (1968)

1960s

His first one-man art-gallery exhibition as a fine artist was on July 9, 1962, in the Ferus Gallery of Los Angeles. The exhibition marked the West Coast debut of pop art. Andy Warhol’s first New York solo Pop exhibit was hosted at Eleanor Ward’s Stable Gallery November 6-24, 1962. The exhibit included the works Marilyn Diptych, 100 Soup Cans, 100 Coke Bottles and 100 Dollar Bills. At the Stable Gallery exhibit, the artist met for the first time John Giorno who would star in Warhol’s first film, Sleep, in 1963.[citation needed]

It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American products such as Campbell’s Soup Cans and Coca-Cola bottles, as well as paintings of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Troy Donahue, Muhammad Ali and Elizabeth Taylor. He founded “The Factory”, his studio during these years, and gathered around himself a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities. He began producing prints using the silkscreen method. His work became popular and controversial.

Among the imagery tackled by Warhol were dollar bills, celebrities and brand name products. He also used as imagery for his paintings newspaper headlines or photographs of mushroom clouds, electric chairs, and police dogs attacking civil rights protesters. Warhol also used Coca Cola bottles as subject matter for paintings. He had this to say about Coca Cola:

What’s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coca Cola, Liz Taylor drinks Coca Cola, and just think, you can drink Coca Cola, too. A coke is a coke and no amount of money can get you a better coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the cokes are the same and all the cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.

New York’s Museum of Modern Art hosted a Symposium on pop art in December 1962 during which artists like Warhol were attacked for “capitulating” to consumerism. Critics were scandalized by Warhol’s open embrace of market culture. This symposium set the tone for Warhol’s reception. Throughout the decade it became more and more clear that there had been a profound change in the culture of the art world, and that Warhol was at the center of that shift.[citation needed]

Campbell’s Tomato Juice Box (1964)

A pivotal event was the 1964 exhibit The American Supermarket, a show held in Paul Bianchini’s Upper East Side gallery. The show was presented as a typical U.S. small supermarket environment, except that everything in it from the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc. was created by six prominent pop artists of the time, among them the controversial (and like-minded) Billy Apple, Mary Inman, and Robert Watts. Warhol’s painting of a can of Campbell’s soup cost ,500 while each autographed can sold for . The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is (or of what is art and what is not).[citation needed]

As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s, Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity. Collaboration would remain a defining (and controversial) aspect of his working methods throughout his career; in the 1960s, however, this was particularly true. One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga. Malanga assisted the artist with producing silkscreens, films, sculpture, and other works at “The Factory”, Warhol’s aluminum foil-and-silver-paint-lined studio on 47th Street (later moved to Broadway). Other members of Warhol’s Factory crowd included Freddie Herko, Ondine, Ronald Tavel, Mary Woronov, Billy Name, and Brigid Berlin (from whom he apparently got the idea to tape-record his phone conversations).

During the ’60s, Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation “Superstars”, including Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, and Candy Darling. These people all participated in the Factory films, and some like Berlin remained friends with Warhol until his death. Important figures in the New York underground art/cinema world, such as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith, also appear in Warhol films of the 1960s, revealing Warhol’s connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this period.

Attempted assassination

On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and art critic and curator Mario Amaya at Warhol’s studio. Before the shooting, Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene. She founded a “group” called S.C.U.M. (Society for Cutting Up Men) and authored the S.C.U.M. Manifesto, a separatist feminist attack on patriarchy. Over the years, Solanas’ manifesto has found a following. Solanas appears in the 1968 Warhol film I, A Man. Earlier on the day of the attack, Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol. The script, apparently, had been misplaced.

Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day. Warhol however, was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived (surgeons opened his chest and massaged his heart to help stimulate its movement again). He suffered physical effects for the rest of his life. The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol’s life and art.

Solanas was arrested the day after the assault. By way of explanation, she said that “He had too much control over my life,” following which she was eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the department of corrections. After the shooting, the Factory scene became much more tightly controlled, and for many this event brought the “Factory 60s” to an end. The shooting was mostly overshadowed in the media due to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy two days later.

Warhol had this to say about the attack: “Before I was shot, I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there  I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life. People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal, but actually it’s the way things happen in life that’s unreal. The movies make emotions look so strong and real, whereas when things really do happen to you, it’s like watching television  you don’t feel anything. Right when I was being shot and ever since, I knew that I was watching television. The channels switch, but it’s all television.”

1970s

Andy Warhol and Jimmy Carter in 1977

Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol’s work in the 1960s, the 1970s proved a much quieter decade, as Warhol became more entrepreneurial. According to Bob Colacello, Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi, his sister Princess

Western medicine tablets drug class is most varieties, one of the largest-selling pharmaceutical dosage forms. Packaging materials for pharmaceutical tablets direct contact with drugs, should therefore be considered a class of pharmaceutical packaging. Drugs are a special commodity, its efficacy and quality is directly related to human health and safety, the use of packaging materials and structures form in the need to ensure efficacy, it is also plays a drug used to ensure the reliability, convenience role, Therefore, as a pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the selection of packaging materials, to understand the packaging materials, containers, some properties and characteristics in order to combine the special requirements of certain drugs, reasonable and accurate selection of medicinal packaging materials.

   Pharmaceutical tablet plastic bottles

    The 20th century, 80 years, as China continued from abroad of advanced pharmaceutical plastic bottle production line, with “plastic” generation “glass,” the prelude to the start began, from large volumes of glass bottles, brown bottles gradually withdraw this drug tablet packaging a field, replaced by a pharmaceutical plastic bottles, which are mainly non-toxic polymers such as PE, PP, PC, PET as the main raw material, the use of advanced plastic molding process and equipment for production of pharmaceutical plastic bottles, Main dress all kinds of oral tablets, capsules, capsule and liquid formulations of solid dosage forms of drugs.

    Medical plastic bottles greatest feature is the quality of light, non-friable, clean, beautiful, drug manufacturers do not have dry cleaning can be used directly. And its number of technical indicators and a large number of data indicate that its chemical resistance, water vapor permeability of excellent sealing performance, it completely loaded drugs can be played in the life of the security shield protection. Variety in the use of materials on the high-density polyethylene bottles (HDPE), polypropylene bottles (PP), polycarbonate bottles (PC), polyester bottles (PET), 20 century and the early 90s, foreign developed a blow molding bottle body of new material poly-dimethyl Diethyl naphthalene (PEN) plastic bottles, PET is more superior than its nature, its high strength, good heat resistance, resistance to ultraviolet radiation, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen barrier properties of excellent chemical resistance properties of Well, the use of PET more widely than, PEN material is a positive development at home and abroad in recent years, a new polyester resin, is also an excellent drug packaging materials, plastic bottles.

    Select bottles principles, since a number of pharmaceutical plastic bottle size, small dozen ml, large thousands of milliliters, some colorless, some transparent, various colors and shapes in various categories. The face of colorful plastic bottle market as pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the selection of plastic bottles, the main grasp the following principles: first, choose plastic bottles main raw materials, auxiliary formula. Solid plastic bottles of product standards, respectively, the applicable provisions of the main raw material, and must comply with non-toxic, no odor, etc., available for use because there are a variety of the main raw materials, which need to be comprehensive performance of raw materials selection, general tablet use high-density polyethylene, polypropylene bottles, such as the need for transparency in the choice of PET bottles, such as pharmaceuticals require a higher barrier properties, and blocking light, opaque, then the choice of brown PET bottles, better barrier properties of PEN bottles. Liquid drug formulations in general use polypropylene bottles or PET bottles as the main raw material. Two, a bottle body and lid seal, water vapor permeability. Sealing and water vapor permeability of plastic bottles is a medical technology are two important indicators, they charge plays a crucial importance for the stability of the impact. 3, plastic bottles of product quality standards. From the production plant product quality standards in product quality can be analyzed to determine the pros and cons. Medical Plastic Bottle business should be to develop stricter than national standards, industry-standard enterprise standard. 4, the quality assurance system. Audits of suppliers has become an essential purchase an important part of plastic bottles. Through audits, can plant in software and hardware facilities, technical equipment, comprehensive level of quality, the right to make a comprehensive assessment. 5, plastic bottles charge stability and compatibility. Use plastic bottles, in particular, drug use new plastic bottles (or new materials, new processes) should be advanced packing and drug trials to examine the stability and plastic bottles charge compatibility between drug. Drugs, plastic bottle material inter-penetration, dissolution, adsorption, chemical reaction, denaturation must be determined by scientific testing.

    Pharmaceutical tablet blister packing

    Pharmaceutical blister packaging, also known as bubble eyes packaging, pharmaceutical tablets, compared with the bottle, blister packaging of the biggest advantages is the easy to carry, and can reduce the drugs to carry and use the process of pollution. But as often in patients with a view to medication, there is a single large dose, making blister packaging unit costs are significantly higher than that of bottled medicines, a number of pharmaceutical companies, often driving the price higher, high technology and new types of drug use bubble cover packaging are most common. Blister packaging material used mainly to “PTP” Medicinal hard aluminum foil and plastic film. Pharmaceutical aluminum foil is sealed in plastic film on the hard-sealing material, it hard for industrial use aluminum as a substrate, with non-toxic, corrosion-resistant, non-penetration, resistance heat, moisture, high-temperature sterilization may be blocking light and so on. Hard plastic sheet material is usually selected polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), or composite materials. Their water, steam, light has good barrier properties.

    Pharmaceutical blister packaging material of choice for the basic principles of

    A, medicinal aluminum foil material selection issues and principles: demand-side before the introduction of PTP aluminum foil, first entered into procurement contracts with suppliers. In the contract technical requirements for products must specify: the product name, size (width and thickness requirements), printing color, aluminum foil roll arrangement of the direction and position of the text; aluminum foil structure, and adhesive coating weight, coating color availability requirements, packaging requirements.

    Second, use of medicinal rigid plastic or composite materials, the basic principles of film: ordinary tablet drugs, less demanding on the moisture resistant polyvinyl chloride that can be selected (PVC) rigid film. To have the moisture and antioxidant requirements, or require a longer shelf-life of drugs can choose a hard PET film, PP rigid film. Composite Hard films are: PVC and PVDC composite sheets (PVC / PVDC) or polyvinyl chloride and polyethylene and polyvinylidene chloride (PVC / PE / PVDC) composite films. Oral, suppository medicines can choose PVC and polyethylene composite film (PVC / PE). Select Hard-chip pharmaceutical blister packaging materials, the general procedure: a, according to the nature and shelf-life of drugs required to choose what kind of a hard polymer film, may consult the specific drug packaging material production enterprise technical experts, or material testing, we should fully taking into account the commonality of equipment, the appearance of novelty, of the lowest cost. b, carried out tests on the machine to determine the drug packaging materials, equipment and product quality and appearance of the applicability of the satisfaction. c, good stability, compatibility test, each drug will have to do, because a variety of drugs of a different nature. d, to the drug packaging materials, manufacturers of environmental, equipment, technology, quality management and other related elements of the review; and drug packaging materials manufacturer jointly identify drug packaging materials, raw materials, formulations and materials, packaging materials, product structure and standards, and finally signed the agreement.

    

    Pharmaceutical tablets with the aluminum bar compound film packing

    For some of the larger pharmaceutical tablet dosage forms or UV-sensitive, hygroscopicity strong, and require heat cold, and asked a long period and improve the packaging of pharmaceutical-grade tablets of choice, they use a bar composite film packaging, referred to as SP . It is the use of a two-tier medical strip packaging film (SP) film into tablets in the middle, separated by a certain distance between the units of medicine, in the strip packing machines of medicines around the two SP membranes inside the heat sealing seal between drugs pressure on the Indented, forming a unit package format (single package or rows form a small package). Strips in the strip packing machine continuous operation, particularly suitable for high-volume automated packaging. Dispensary, it can tear down the SP membrane can be Indented. Strip packaging film has a certain tensile strength and elongation, suitable for a variety of shapes and sizes of the drugs, and packaged close to built-in medicine, not easy to produce rupture and wrinkles. At present, more widespread use of the aluminum-plastic composite film, such as cellophane and aluminum foil and polyethylene (PT / AL / PE), polyester and aluminum foil and

worldofgood.ebay.com

Recycling is the collection of used materials that would otherwise be waste to be broken down and remade into new products. Recycling is became a very beneficial in all over the world, because by this process we are saving energy and conserving the environment. Recycling involves processing used materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials, decrease the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from land filling) by reducing the need for “conventional” waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production.

Recycling is a one of the best way of saving energy and conserving the environment. Most of recyclable materials are water, energy, paper, metal, aluminum cans, glass, plastic, Styrofoam, steel, junk mail, garbage, tires, food, and miscellaneous. Some ecological waste food and garden waste is not typically considered recycling. Approximately 60% of our rubbish thrown away today could be recycled. A survey was done and 9 out of 10 people surveyed said they would recycle more if it was easier. For the recycling materials is either purchase from collection center or picked up from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.

By recycling plastic bottle not only saves anywhere from 100 to 1000 years in the landfill but also saves the environment from the emissions in producing new bottles as well as the oil used to produce that bottle. For every 1 ton of plastic that is recycled we save the equivalent of 2 people’s energy use for 1 year, the amount of water used by 1 person in 2 month’s time and almost 2000 pounds of oil.

Some facts of the recycling:

1, The amount of wood and paper North Americans throw away each year is enough to heat 50,000,000 homes for 20 years.
2, You can make 20 cans out of recycled material with the same amount of energy it takes to make one new one.
3, A typical baby uses 10,000 diapers in their early life, using a cloth diaper cost 19 cents less than a disposable diaper. Each year 16 trillion diaper end up in landfills.
4, 10 million hectares of ancient forests are destroyed each year throughout the world, the equivalent of 1 football field every 2 seconds.

Source : B4tea.com